Summary of two articles

In order to have a better background knowledge for Writting Assignment 2, I read two articles and the following is my summary of these two articles.

First article is a brief introduction about the biofuel by Justin Gillis. He started the topic back to 19th century during which technological visionaries had already conducted experiments showed that it was possible for engines to run on fuel made from plants. However, fuels derived from plants lost out to fuels refined from crude oil in the days of motorized transport. It is not easy to replace fossil fuel now since they are the cheapest fuels for many decades and they are about as energy-dense as liquids can be. Biofuels attainted the greatest political momentum because they promise lucrative new markets for farm products. However, these first generation biofuels provoked intense backlash during applications. The second generation biofuels are believed to offer greater promise but the technology to make them is still in its infancy. That is the main idea about this article.

Another article named “Biofuels: Green energy or grim reaper?” is written by Jeffrey A McNeely who is a chief scientist of IUCN, the World Conservation Union based in Switzerland. He considered that biofuels could end up damaging the natural world rather than saving it from global warming. The reasons for his view about biofuels are summarized as follows:
1. Huge consumption of grains;
2. Much of the fuel that Europeans use will be imported from Brazil, where the Amazon is being burned to plant more sugar and soybeans, and Southeast Asia, where oil palm plantations are destroying the rainforest habitat of orangutans and many other species;
3. One type of biofuels, ethanol, will likely come from maize. Growing maize appears to use 30% more energy than the finished fuel produces, and leaves eroded soils and polluted waters behind.
4. It will cause food price to increase more.

Then he suggested 2 things to do in current situations. The first step is to apply biotechnology to enhance the ethanol yield, reduce environmental damage from feedstock, and improve bioprocessing efficiency at the refinery. But it is not enough yet. The second step is to mandate improved fuel efficiency for all forms of transport based on current technology.

Five words/ phrases:
1. First-generation biofuels: ethanol made from corn or sugar cane, or biodiesel made from vegetable oil.
2. Second-generation biofuels: biofuels made from plant wastes, or from crops specially grown for the purpose on land not suitable for food production.
3. Fossil fuels: carbon or hydrocarbons found in the earth’s crust.
4. Monoculture: the agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area.
5. Biodiversity: the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth.

Reference:
Justin Gillis, February 24, 2009, “Biofuels”, Retrieved March 8, 2009, fromhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/biofuels/index.html
Jeffrey A McNeely, September 22, 2006, “Biofuels: Green energy or grim reaper?”, Retrieved March 8, 2009, fromhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5369284.stm